Active Learning Methods

Active learning methods

1. Drossman, D. A. (2016). Functional gastrointestinal disorders: history, pathophysiology, clinical features, and Rome IV. Gastroenterology, 150(6), 1262-1279.

The Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders is a peer reviewed journal article that was published in the year 2016, May. The author is Douglas Drossman who targets some specific aspects of the gastrointestinal disorders and how they are diagnosed in clinical setting. The understanding the morphological physiological abnormalities is prime in understanding the medical surgical nursing of the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, the journal explains some of the common illnesses that occur in combination with, altered mucosal and immune functions, altered microbiota, altered central nervous system responses, motility disturbance, and visceral hypersensitivity (Drossman 2016).

The journal is supported and enhanced by data and knowledge acquired through the Rome Foundation which has played a critical role in the formulation of the diagnostic criteria for all GIT disorders. One of the main referenced article is the Rome III and IV which were published more than 10yrs ago and they have provided; new information on gut microenvironments, pharmacogenomics, gut-brain interactions, biopsychosocial, and gender and gross cultural understanding; the updates on basic and clinical literature; reduction of the common stigmatizing terms to the utmost minimal levels; diagnostic algorithms; and information on the patient-illness experience.

2. Hyams, J. S., Di Lorenzo, C., Saps, M., Shulman, R. J., Staiano, A., & van Tilburg, M. (2016). Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: child/adolescent. Gastroenterology, 150(6), 1456-1468.

The Childhood Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders is a peer reviewed journal that was also published in 2016 under the Official Journal of the AGA Institute with the 6^th edition being released on May. Just like the Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, it is also founded in the information and data gathered from the Rome foundation. The journal was written by Jeffrey Hyams, Carlo Lorenzo, Miguel Saps, Robert Shulman, Anna Maria, and Miranda Tilburg. The main article that information contributed to the publishing is the Rome IV which highlights some sections of GIT disorders. The Rome IV targeted the removal of the traditional dictum that there was no evidence for organic illnesses and replaced that with a current discovery explaining that all medical conditions are attributed to specific manifestations that are unique for every disorder (Hyams et al.,2016). The Rome IV FGID definitions provide clarity for the clinicians and researchers. Both the functional nausea and functional vomiting are well described.

3. Benninga, M. A., Nurko, S., Faure, C., Hyman, P. E., Roberts, I. S. J., & Schechter, N. L. (2016). Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: neonate/toddler. Gastroenterology, 150(6), 1443-1455.

The Childhood Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders is a peer reviewed journal also published under the Official Journal of the AGA Institute. It was published in 2016 with the authors being Marc Benninga, Samuel Nurko, Christopher Faure, Ian Roberts, and Neil Schechter. It has been referenced more than 100times for research and citations for various medical essays. The journal was published as a guide and evidence of the various attributes that were discussed in the 2006 consensus concerning the functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants and toddlers. The traditional criteria for the paediatrics were experience based rather than being evidence based. However, the journal focuses on evidence based approaches for diagnosing and managing gastrointestinal disorders. The journal focuses on providing more relevant information on the pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnostic workups, treatment, and follow up for git disorders among the children. Additionally, there is an inclusion of the understanding of the neurodevelopment of nociception.

4. Van Oudenhove, L., Levy, R. L., Crowell, M. D., Drossman, D. A., Halpert, A. D., Keefer, L., … & Naliboff, B. D. (2016). Biopsychosocial aspects of functional gastrointestinal disorders: how central and environmental processes contribute to the development and expression of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology, 150(6), 1355-1367.

            The Biopsychosocial Aspects of Gastrointestinal Disorder is a journal article also under the Official Journal Article of the AGA Institute which was published in 2016 by the Institute. The authors are Lukas Oudenhove, Rona Levy, Michael Crowell, Douglas Drossman, Albena Halpert, Laurie Keefer, Jeffrey Lackner, Tasha Murphy, and Bruce Naliboff. It provides a general framework for understanding gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). The article focused especially on the influence of the environment, physiological, and biological factors and how they influence the interactions in contributions and maintenance of the FGIDs. Each of the factors is well studied with relevant information regarding to how it contributes and leads to FGIDs. Additionally, there has been development of more appropriate tools that can be used in the clinical assessment. The article also focuses on the management of the diseases in terms of phsycological and pharmacological management, and the treatment strategies with the most efficacious way of treating the FGIDs.

5. Barbara, G., Feinle-Bisset, C., Ghoshal, U. C., Santos, J., Vanner, S. J., Vergnolle, N., … & Quigley, E. M. (2016). The intestinal microenvironment and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology, 150(6), 1305-1318.

            The Intestinal Microenvironment and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders is peer reviewed journal article published in 2016 under the journal Gastroenterology. It covers the page 1305 to page 1318 of the journal with the authors being Givanni Barbra, Christine Bisset, Uday Ghoshal, Javier Santos, Stepen Vanner, Nathalie Vergonelle, Erwin Zoetendal, and Eamonn Quigley. The pathophysiology of the FGIDs has always been focused on the enteric neuromuscular apparatus and the central nervous system. During the assessment of the git disorders and diagnosis, the patient factors and various luminal factors are some of the considerations that have been put into consideration. An example of the patient factors is the food consumed as bowel intervention leading to renaissance in the management of irritable bowel syndrome (Barbara et al.,2016). Additionally, the role of the gut microbiota has also been studied in relation to FGIDs. The article focusing on the pathophysiology has associated the illnesses to various pathogenesis such as immune activation, disturbance in epithelial barrier integrity, and abnormal enteroendocrine signalling.

6. Lewis, M. L., Palsson, O. S., Whitehead, W. E., & van Tilburg, M. A. (2016). Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children and adolescents. The Journal of pediatrics, 177, 39-43.

            The prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children and adolescents is a peer reviewed journal article in the journal of paediatrics that was published in 2016, October. The article is located from page 39 to 43 of the journal with the authors being Meredith Lewis, Olafur Palsson, William Whitehead, and Miranda Tilburg. The article focuses on explaining the prevalence of FGIDs among the pediatrics. The population targeted in the article is that of the US children with a sample of 949 children who are aged between 4yrs and 18yrs. Childhood and adolescent’s symptoms of the git disorders are studied through parental reports through online questionnaires. The main type used is the questionnaire on pediatric gastrointestinal symptoms. Additionally, apart from targeting the children and adolescents, also their parents are considered in the study to determine parental factors and sociodemographic factors. From the study, the prevalence was determined significant among the American children but was not dependent on sex, race, or ethnic groups.

7. Marsh, A., Eslick, E. M., & Eslick, G. D. (2016). Does a diet low in FODMAPs reduce symptoms associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders? A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. European journal of nutrition, 55(3), 897-906.

Does a diet low in FODMAPs reduce symptoms associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders? Is a peer reviewed journal article that is published under the European Journal of Nutrition which was published in April, 2016. The article is located on pages 897 to 906. The authors of the article are Abigail Marsh, Enid Eslick, and Guy Eslick. There are various symptoms that are associated with the development of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) such as; constipation, bloating, bowel flatulence, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The challenge with two illnesses is the diagnosis and the treatment that have triggered to further research under nutrition. Nutritionists have associated better management with use of the low fermentable, oligodimonosaccharides and polyol (FODMAP) diet. Searches were conducted through electronic databases since March 2015 with a confidence level of 95% in a randomized and non-randomized clinical trial (Marsh et al.,2016). The study demonstrated that there was significant treatment of git systems with the use of FODMAP diet.

8. Francisconi, C. F., Sperber, A. D., Fang, X., Fukudo, S., Gerson, M. J., Kang, J. Y., & Schmulson, M. (2016). Multicultural aspects in functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). Gastroenterology, 150(6), 1344-1354.

The Multifactorial aspects in functional git disorders (FGIDs) is a peer reviewed journal article published under the Gastroenterology journal, the Official Journal of the AGA Institute. The journal was published in May 2016 with the article being located from pages 1344 to 1354. The authors of the article include Carlos Francisconi, Ami Sperber, Xiucai Fang, Shin Fukudo, Mary Joan Gerson, Jin-Yong Kang, and Max Schmulson. Due to the importance of the cross cultural factors in FGIDs, the article focused on the following main objectives; to better understand the importance of culture, race, ethnicity, and their effects on research and patient care; to engender the interests in various aspects of the globe, the improvement of quality and better conduction of cross cultural and multinational research, and to foster a clearer relationship in multicultural diversity and research diversity. Based on the study, the use of complementary medicine and any other health related issues are relevant to cross cultural issues of health.

9. Keefer, L., Drossman, D. A., Guthrie, E., Simrén, M., Tillisch, K., Olden, K., & Whorwell, P. J. (2016). Centrally mediated disorders of gastrointestinal pain. Gastroenterology, 150(6), 1408-1419.

The Centrally mediated disorders of git pain is a peer reviewed journal article published under the journal Gastroenterology, the official journal of the AGA institute which was published in May, 2016. The article is located on pages 1408 to 1419. The authors of the article are Laurie Keefer, Douglas Drossman, Elspeth Guthire, Magnus Simren, Kirsten Tillisch, Kevin Olden, and Peter Whorwell. The aim of the article is explaining the difference among the various forms of pain as the centrally mediated abdominal pain syndrome is different from the other FGIDs because of the characteristic central component and independence from the motility disturbances. Centrally mediated abdominal pain syndrome is commonly known as functional abdominal pain syndrome and is caused by central sensitization with an increase in pain signalling with increased excitability of the peripheral afferent. An example of the condition is the narcotic bowel syndrome or opioid induced git hyperalgesia characterised by paradoxical pain which is increased by abdominal pain with an increase in dose of the opioids.

10. Sanger, G. J., & Furness, J. B. (2016). Ghrelin and motilin receptors as drug targets for gastrointestinal disorders. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology, 13(1), 38.

            Ghrelin and motilin receptors as drug targets for git disorders is a peer reviewed journal article that is published under journal Nature Reviews Gastroenterology and Hepatology published in 2015, September. It is authorised within the nature reviews gastroenterology and hepatology website with the author of the article being Gareth Singer and John Furness. The git produces hormones such as gherin and motilin which are responsible for structuring the G-protein coupled receptors. They act by increasing the gastric motility which is responsible for appetite or hedonic eating. Through the study the management of postoperative ileus using gherin receptor agonists proved to be ineffective. Hence, some of the uses of the motilin receptor agonists include; treatment of gastroparesis, conditions that result to slow emptying, and the gherin receptors which are responsible for treatment of nausea and vomiting. However, even if the study has been focused on therapeutic uses, some of the roles of antagonists and inverse agonists have not been identified.

11. Sharkey, K. A. (2015). Emerging roles for enteric glia in gastrointestinal disorders. The Journal of clinical investigation, 125(3), 918-925.

Emerging roles for enteric glia in gastrointestinal disorders is a peer reviewed journal published in February, 2015 under the website of journal for clinical investigation. It is written by Keith Sharkey and focuses on explaining the role of enteric glia on git disorders. Enteric glia are important components of the mucosa of the git and enteric nervous system. they have been passive support cells but have now been actively involved as cellular integrators in control of gastric motility. The journal analyses the various roles of the cellular components of the gut. Hence the study has alienated the important aspects of the gut physiology and pathophysiology. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is important in control of gastric flow and is also important in controlling defensive functions and digestive functions. It is made up of two cells that are arranged in ganglionated fibers and through the external muscle layers, and both the mucosa and submucosa.

12. van Tilburg, M. A., Hyman, P. E., Walker, L., Rouster, A., Palsson, O. S., Kim, S. M., & Whitehead, W. E. (2015). Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants and toddlers. The Journal of pediatrics, 166(3), 684-689.

The prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in infants and toddlers is a peer reviewed journal article published under the journal, journal of paediatrics of Elsevier. The journal is published in March, 2015 with the article from pages 684 to 689. The authors include; Miranda Tilburg, Paul Hyman, Lynne Walker, Audra Rouster, Olafur Palsson, Sung Kim, and William Whitehead. The focus of the study was to determine some of the common presentations of FGIDs as presented by parents within the community. The study was carried out among US mothers with the population being 320 mothers for children aged 0-3yrs. Based on the Rome criterion of diagnosis, 27% of the infants fitted for FGIDs. The common disorders were regurgitation in the infants that participated and functional constipation for the toddlers. Basically, the FGIDs interfere with the life of the children with them being common though they do not vary with race or sex.

13. Uzzan, M., Ko, H. M., Mehandru, S., & Cunningham-Rundles, C. (2016). Gastrointestinal disorders associated with common variable immune deficiency (CVID) and chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). Current gastroenterology reports, 18(4), 17.

Gastrointestinal disorders associated with common variable immune deficiency (CVID) and chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a peer reviewed journal article published under the current gastroenterology reports journal which was published on April 2016. The authors are Mathieu Uzzan, Huabin Ko, Saurabh Mehandru, and Charlotte. The article focuses on studying the common immune deficiency defects that result to git pathologies. The chronic granulomatosus disease (CGD) and common variable immune deficiency (CVID) are the two common immune illnesses that cause disease. In both, some of the manifestations include; inflammatory conditions such as systemic autoimmunity; pathology of various organs; and an increase in the susceptibility of infections (Uzzan et al.,2016). The git manifestations develop as a result of the symptoms associated with the autoimmune disorders as they result to effects on various body systems. The illnesses are challenging to understand and manage because of protean manifestations which resemble the inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or celiac diseases which are very difficult to treat.

14. Játiva, E., Velasco-Benítez, C. A., Koppen, I. J., Játiva-Cabezas, Z., & Saps, M. (2016). Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in schoolchildren in Ecuador. Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 63(1), 25-28.

The Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in schoolchildren in Ecuador is a peer reviewed journal article under the journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition published in July, 2016. The authors of the article are Jativa, Edgar, Velasco, Carlos, Koppen, Illan, and Zahira. The primary objective of the article was to try and understand the prevalence of FGIDs in children living in Ecuador. Thus, a research was conducted among pupils in two schools in Quito, Ecuador. There were questionnaires issued among the pupils with Spanish translation to enable elimination of language barrier. The framework and tool used for the study was the Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms-Rome III. The total population of study was 417 children of mean age 12yrs with 51% of them being boys and 49% girls. During the study, FGIDs were confirmed to be present 95children reflecting 22.8%. Among the 22.8%, 25% were girls, and 20.7% were girls. Other disorders were also noted to be among the children with 12% having defecation disorders and 9.4% abdominal pain. Additionally, 3.8% of the total children were identified to suffer from vomiting and aerophagia FGID.

Lu, P. L., Saps, M., Chanis, R. A., & Velasco‐Benítez, C. A. (2016). The prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children in Panama: a school‐based study. Acta Paediatrica, 105(5), e232-e236.

The prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders in children in Panama is a peer reviewed journal article under the Acta Paeditrica journal of the Wiley Online Library which was published in March, 2016, having approximately 30 citations. The article is located from pages e232 to e236 with the authors being Peter Lu, Miguel Saps, Ricardo Chanis, and Carlos. Many of the children suffer from FGIDs but the prevalence and the causes are not clearly understood. The aim of the article was to study the prevalence for the children in Panama using the diagnostic tool and criteria of Rome III. The study was cross sectional with the study focusing on three particular schools in panama. The questionnaires were provided in Spanish with them also including aspects of demographic information. The population size was 321 subjects who were of median range 10yrs and ranging from 8 to 14yrs (Lu et al.,2016). 92 of the children met the criteria for FGID with the most common disorder being functional constipation among 15.9%, followed by irritable bowel syndrome at 5.6%, and abdominal pain syndrome at 4%.

References

Barbara, G., Feinle-Bisset, C., Ghoshal, U. C., Santos, J., Vanner, S. J., Vergnolle, N., … &          Quigley, E. M. (2016). The intestinal microenvironment and functional gastrointestinal     disorders. Gastroenterology, 150(6), 1305-1318.

Drossman, D. A. (2016). Functional gastrointestinal disorders: history, pathophysiology, clinical features, and Rome IV. Gastroenterology, 150(6), 1262-1279.

Hyams, J. S., Di Lorenzo, C., Saps, M., Shulman, R. J., Staiano, A., & van Tilburg, M. (2016).    Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: child/adolescent. Gastroenterology,   150(6), 1456-1468.

Lu, P. L., Saps, M., Chanis, R. A., & Velasco‐Benítez, C. A. (2016). The prevalence of    functional gastrointestinal disorders in children in Panama: a school‐based study. Acta Paediatrica, 105(5), e232-e236.

Marsh, A., Eslick, E. M., & Eslick, G. D. (2016). Does a diet low in FODMAPs reduce    symptoms associated with functional gastrointestinal disorders? A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. European journal of nutrition, 55(3), 897-906.

Uzzan, M., Ko, H. M., Mehandru, S., & Cunningham-Rundles, C. (2016). Gastrointestinal           disorders associated with common variable immune deficiency (CVID) and chronic        granulomatous disease (CGD). Current gastroenterology reports, 18(4), 17.