Approach to Care of Cancer
Diagnosis of cancer.
After history taking and physical examination, an impression of cancer can lead to various tests geared towards determining the specific diagnosis of patient’s condition. The tests may include blood tests or other laboratory tests that may analyze the body cells and blood or even urine. The blood tests may not adequately indicate the presence of cancer but can provide a clue on the various changes that may occur during the progression of the condition save for instances of blood cancer where the changes will be evident in the blood cells.
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A complete blood count can be done in the process of diagnosing cancer. The test measures the various types of blood cells in the patient and the multiple changes in their number which can be brought about by cancer. The blood cancers can be determined through this test whereby the blood count can show a marked increase or reduction of the various cells in the sample or even abnormal cells that are infected with cancer. A bone marrow biopsy, however, confirms the diagnosis.
Blood protein testing is also essential in the diagnosis as it examines various proteins that are found in blood….
Staging of cancer
TNM is the most common system of cancer staging that is used. T stands for tumor size, N refers to the number of neighboring lymph nodes that are infected, M stands for the extent of metastasis (Seydafkan& Coppola, 2016). Hence following symbols are used in cancer staging.
TX- the primary tumor is immeasurable.
T0- primary tumor can’t be located
T1, T2, T3, T4- represents the extent to which cancer has grown even to nearing tissues. The higher the number, the larger the tumor.
NX- spread to nearing nodes can’t be measured.
NO- no cancer cells in neighboring nodes.
N1, N2, N3- indicated how many nodes are affected. The higher the number, the more the nodes are infected.
MX- metastasis can’t be measured.
MO- no metastasis.
M1- cancer has spread to other tissues.
In simplified form, cancer is divided into five stages. In stage 0- cancer cells are detected but in situ. In stage, I, II, and III cancer cells are present and have spread to nearing tissues. In stage IV, the abnormal cells have spread to distant organs and systems from the primary region.
Complications of cancer
The altered cancerous cells in one’s body not only multiply fast but also can spread fast other organs of the body systems starting from the most adjacent to the distant organs if not suppressed by treatment. It is the spread of other body systems, and the effects in those areas that cause complication (Chambers &Mansi, 2017).
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The side effects of treatment
Some of the methods used to treat cancer include; surgery depending on the location and in case the effects haven’t spread to other body systems, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy….
Exposure to radiations can damage other healthy body tissues of exposed regions leading to skin problems such as dry skin, itching, blisters, and peeling. Dry mouth, the stiffness of body parts such as shoulder and loss of fertility are among the many effects.
Methods to lessen physical and psychological effects
There is a need for emotional, mental and social support to people living with cancer to help them deal with stress, depression, and anxiety related to disease and effects of treatments given.
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References.
Bozzetti, F. (2015). Nutritional support in patients with cancer. Clinical Nutrition, 385-419.
Cameron, A. C., Touyz, R. M., & Lang, N. N. (2016). Vascular complications of cancer
chemotherapy. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 32(7), 852-862.
Chambers, J. B., &Mansi, J. (2017). Complications of cancer. Acute Medicine: A Practical
Guide to the Management of Medical Emergencies, 605-611.
Choi, E. K., Kim, I. R., Chang, O., Kang, D., Nam, S. J., Lee, J. E., …& Cho, J. (2014). Impact
of chemotherapy‐induced alopecia distress on body image, psychosocial well‐being, and
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Duffy, M. J., Sturgeon, C. M., Sölétormos, G., Barak, V., Molina, R., Hayes, D. F., …&
Bossuyt, P. M. (2015). Validation of new cancer biomarkers: a position statement from
the European group on tumor markers. Clinical chemistry, 61(6), 809-820.
Seydafkan, S., & Coppola, D. (2016). Neuroendocrine Tumor Classification Systems: Staging.
In Neuroendocrine Tumors: Review of Pathology, Molecular and Therapeutic
Advances(pp. 21-30). Springer, New York, NY.
