A nursing study on Environmental Health Management

A nursing study on Environmental Health Management
Hydraulic Fracturing
Hydraulic fracturing, which most people call “fracking,” is a technical process for getting natural oil or gas out of the ground, where it is trapped in tight rocks. The rocks are so solid that it would take a lot of force to break them open and get to the oil underneath. In the fracking process, large amounts of a mixture of water, chemicals, and sand are pumped under high pressure into deep rock formations. This lets oil and gas that is trapped in the rocks move up to the surface of the earth through cracks in the rocks. (Smith & Montgomery, 2015). This method of making energy was first used professionally in 1950, and it was a success. It brings in a lot of money for the U.S. right now through the sale of crude oil. (Smith & Montgomery, 2015).

The biggest health risk of fracking is that it can cause air pollution.

Air pollution is the biggest health risk that comes with fracking. People who live close to fracking sites are more likely to get sick from air pollution caused by fracking. It has been shown that gases and byproducts of the process that leak out or are burned can cause or worsen major lung diseases. Methane, toluene, benzene, ethylbenzene, and xylene are some of the gases that are given off during the process. (Smith & Montgomery, 2015). During the production, processing, transmission, and spread steps of the hydraulic fracking process, these gases are given off.

Methane is the main gas that is made by these processes. It can trap heat more than 80 times better than carbon dioxide. Because of this, methane makes the bad health effects of climate change happen faster. If you are exposed to the chemical waste products of fracking on a regular basis, it can hurt your lungs in a number of ways. This includes mild to serious breathing problems and a chance of getting lung disease or lung cancer. (Fedan, 2020). Due to air pollution, there is also a chance of heart disease, problems with the hormone system, birth defects, cancer, and dying too soon. (Fedan, 2020). The risk is even higher for people who work in the field because they are around the chemicals for longer.

Getting rid of risks by making things better

Even though the economic benefits of fracking are huge, the negative effects on health can’t be ignored, especially since they are serious and often fatal. Several groups have tried to use the court system to stop people from being put in danger by the risks that could come from uncontrolled fracking. Setting and following strong standards to limit air pollution is the most important thing that the government and other relevant authorities can do to improve things and, in the long run, lower health risks.

Even though it is known that the air pollution at fracking sites is bad for people’s health, there isn’t much information available to the public about the different parts of the energy that is being released and the pollutants. There are no laws that say these companies have to tell the government what drugs they use. In the case of state laws, the reporting is not well done. Not much is known about checking the quality of air and water, either. Because of this, health care workers can’t figure out what causes the illnesses they are treating. So, full sharing of what is in all the parts and products of the fracking process and testing the air and water for safety levels is a big step toward reducing the health risks. By making all of this information public, even researchers can learn more about dangerous chemicals and come up with better ways to avoid and deal with them.

Major health problems around the world caused by climate change

The way people’s health is affected continues to change as the world continues to change. It either makes the health problems that already present worse or creates new ones. Changes in climate affect many parts of the world that have direct effects on people’s health. Some of these things are the quality of the air, the safety of the building, the amount and quality of the water to drink, and the availability of food. The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that between 2030 and 2050, about 250,000 people will die each year because of climate change (WHO, 2020).

Changes in climate have a big effect on mental health. First, the physical affects of extreme heat, like injuries and being forced to move, can be stressful for the people who are affected. (WHO, 2020). People with mental health problems can also become more irritable, tired, and stressed out because of the heat. Studies show that higher temperatures can make people feel more depressed and make mental health problems worse. Some psychiatric drugs also don’t work as well when the temperature goes up, so people who are taking these drugs need to be extra careful when the temperature goes up. (WHO, 2020).

Infectious diseases are expected to become more common, which is another important health problem related to climate change. Because of climate change, WHO thinks there will be more diseases spread by insects and diseases that come from water. (WHO, 2020). This is because of changes in the way it rains and longer seasons, both of which make it easier for vectors to spread diseases.

A plan to make the bad effects of climate change less severe

The models used to reduce the bad effects of climate change try to do two things. First, they try to reduce the flow of greenhouse gases that trap heat in the atmosphere. One model can look at how to cut down on the sources of these gases, and another can look at how to store these gases so they don’t stay in the environment. The governments of developed countries could focus on reducing the sources of these gases because it is easier and more of a preventive move. Using sustainable transportation methods is one way to reduce the amount of these gases that are made.

Carbon dioxide is the main gas made by transportation systems. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that adds to global warming and climate change. In the wealthy world, 30% of CO2 emissions come from the transportation sector, which is a big amount. CO2 emissions can be cut down by a lot if public intervention tactics like encouraging people to take public transportation and installing new technologies in vehicles are used well.

There are risks to health from the wastes made by fracking.

One of the things that fracking makes as a waste is water. Surface water that is used for both home and business reasons can be ruined by spills, poorly built water pits, or water that gets out during the fracking process. (Smith & Montgomery, 2015). The pollution is made worse by the possibility that methane gas could leak into water and then escape into the environment. Fedan (2020) says that of the about 2,500 additives used in the fracking process, 652 were proven to contain at least one of the 29 known potential carcinogenic compounds listed by the Safe Drinking Water Act and the Clean Air Act because of the risk they pose to human health. In a study that looked at how chemicals used in fracking affect people’s health, 73% of the chemicals had between six and fourteen negative effects on different organ systems. Some of the effects are cancer, eye problems, damage to the sense organs, breathing problems, and liver disease. (Fedan, 2020).

In the same way, silica is one of the waste products that are released into the air as dust, and it could be bad for your health. Silicosis could happen if silica dust is breathed in during the fracking process. (Fedan, 2020). The people who work on-site are more likely to get this condition because they are closer to this drug and are exposed to it for a longer time.

Concerns about morals

When it comes to ethics, full exposure is the most important part of the fracking process. Based on the Rights Theory, everyone who is affected by the fracking process, whether it’s through noise, water pollution, or air pollution, has the right to know how it might affect the water they drink and the world around them. But the companies and the government are not ready to tell the public everything they know about the chemicals in the products. They also don’t let experts look into what happens to the waste from the process.

The growth of the economy at the price of public safety is another ethical problem. Since then, people have talked about whether or not the problems caused by fracking outweigh its benefits enough to stop the process. It was decided that, despite the risks to health, the economic benefits have been good because a rare, high-demand good has been made. But this is still a moral problem because human life is valuable and can’t be compared to money.

Plan to deal with the problems

To make the fracking process safer, even for people who live close to the sites, the companies should make it easier for academics, in particular, to get information. More information about the processes and chemicals that are used and then released into the world as waste can help come up with new, innovative ways to catch the waste and get rid of it safely.

Rules set by the government

The government has put in place a number of rules to protect people and the environment from the harmful effects of the waste products of the fracking process. First, the EPA says that there are normal rules for getting rid of wastewater and stormwater. Since 2016, there have been pretreatment guidelines for oil and gas extraction, which say that wastewater can’t be dumped in the wrong places. (EPA, 2017). Second, EPA rules say that fracking companies have to reuse the wastewater, based on how much pollution is in it. This helps a lot to cut down on water pollution and save water resources. (EPA, 2017). Third, under the Clean Air Act, the federal government makes fracking companies report on more of the dangerous chemicals they put into the air. (EPA, 2017).

 

References

Fedan, J. S. (2020). Biological effects of inhaled hydraulic fracturing sand dust. I. Scope of the investigation.

Smith, M. B., & Montgomery, C. (2015). Hydraulic fracturing. Crc Press.

The World Health Organization, WHO. (2020). Climate Change. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/climate-change

United States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA. (2017). Unconventional Oil and Gas Development. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/uog

 

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