Zika Virus Outbreak 2015-2016
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Communicable disease outbreaks raise the alarm in many countries because of the fatal deaths observed in the outbreaks. Epidemics or outbreaks occur when several aspects of the population, pathogen and the environment interact to create an ideal situation for the spread of the disease. In the past 50 years, the world has experienced major communicable disease outbreaks to include the Zika Virus disease outbreak in 2015-2016 periods (Campos et al., 2015). The outbreak raised the alarm in the regions of South America, and it spread through to other areas like Western Africa leading to its declaration as a pandemic. This paper describes the outbreak of the disease, epidemiological determinants and the response protocols observed during outbreaks of communicable diseases.
Description of the Outbreak
Zika Virus disease outbreak of 2015-2016 was first reported in March 2015 in Brazil. The cause of the outbreak was not determined not until 2016 when researchers traced the outbreak to the 2014 FIFA World Cup (Lourenço et al., 2017)). By April 2015, 18 states in Brazil were infected by the disease. The disease spread to other countries slowly, and as per November 2015, there were sporadic cases in Mexico, Paraguay, Colombia, and Venezuela. African countries were also affected by the outbreak with the first cases noted on November 3rd, 2015 in Cape Verde (Ameli, 2015). Laboratory tests confirmed 64 cases of Zika virus. Reports from CDC indicate that the massive spread was accelerated by traveling between countries. The outbreak affected Brazil greatly, and the reports from the Pan American Health Organization indicate that 2,400 cases of microencephaly and 29 deaths were observed by December 2015 (Campos et al., 2015). The growing evidence of the Zika virus effects in 2015 led to the declaration of a traveling alert for pregnant women on January 15th, 2016 by the CDC. Traveling to the countries of Brazil, Columbia, Salvador, Mexico and many others were prohibited for pregnant women.
Epidemiological Determinants and Transmission
The disease is mainly found in the parts of America, Pacific Islands and some parts of Africa and Asia…..
Effects to the Community and Reporting Protocols
An outbreak of Zika Virus …
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References
Ameli, J. (2015). Communicable diseases and outbreak control. Turkish journal of emergency medicine, 15, 20-26.
Campos, G. S., Bandeira, A. C., & Sardi, S. I. (2015). Zika virus outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. Emerging infectious diseases, 21(10), 1885.
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2015). Zika virus epidemic in the Americas: potential association with microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome [Internet]. Stockholm: Retrieved from http://ecdc.europa.eu/sites/portal/files/media/en/publications/Publications/zika-virus-americas-association-with-microcephaly-rapid-risk-assessment.pdf.
Karwowski, M. P., Nelson, J. M., Staples, J. E., Fischer, M., Fleming-Dutra, K. E., Villanueva, J., … & Rasmussen, S. A. (2016). Zika virus disease: a CDC update for pediatric health care providers. Pediatrics, 137(5), e20160621.
Lourenço, J., de Lima, M. M., Faria, N. R., Walker, A., Kraemer, M. U., Villabona-Arenas, C. J., … & Recker, M. (2017). Epidemiological and ecological determinants of Zika virus transmission in an urban setting. eLife, 6.
